副詞節の接続詞と主語が省略される、先頭の動詞が分詞化(be動詞、受動態のbeingが省略）
> 副文は省略しまくりたい
> 接続詞は言わなくてもわかる、主語は主文と同じ前提
> 補足的に適当にくっつけた何となくつながりが良い感じで足すゆるーい感覚でチャラい文

分詞構文はどこでも置ける、分としては3パターンと言える（-ingで修飾）
1) -ing SV　Taking her age into consideration, she shouldn't be left at home by herself.
2) S -ing V　Armstrong, being the first person to walk on the moon, is one of the most famous astronauts.
3) SV -ing　The bee flew from one flower to another collecting pollen.

■構成
As I was hit by him, I was very angry.
↓　分詞構文（副詞節の接続詞と主語が省略）
Being hit by him, I was very angry.
↓　受動態beingの省略された形の分詞構文
Hit by him, I was very angry.

※主文の時制より過去を表すならHaving PP
Having failed several times on it, he succeeded finally. (＝After he had failed)

■省略されている接続詞は4パターン
１）時を表す接続詞：「…する時」という意味の when 、「…する後」という意味の after、「…する前」という意味の before
Seeing the drawings, I recalled my childhood. (＝When I saw)

２）理由を表す接続詞：「…なので」という意味の as
(Being)Tired, I went to bed at the time.(＝As I was tired)
(Being)Written in easy English, the book will be read by many people.(＝As the book is written)

３）条件を表す接続詞：「もし…ならば」という意味の if
Turning to the left at the corner, you will find the building.(＝If you turn)
The same thing, happening (＝if it should happen) in my city, would go crazy.

４）譲歩を表す接続詞：「…だけれども」という意味の though
Accepting your feedback, I still think you cannot express enough.(＝Although I accept)
Living near my neighbor, he seldom comes to see me.(＝Though he lives)

---

５）結果を表す接続詞：「…そして」という意味の and
The storm hit the area, causing (＝and it caused) great damage.
Foreigners are active in the Japanese stock market, owning (＝and they own) more than 20 percent of the shares.

６）付帯状況：「 ～しながら」
Smiling brightly, he extended his hand to me.
A jet flew up into the air, making a great noise.

７）独立分詞構文
分詞の意味上の主語が主節の主語と異なる場合、それは省略されない
My bag stolen, I couldn't go there.
It being fine tomorrow, I will go hiking.
There being no objection, they ended the meeting early. (Thereは省略できない)

８）接続詞を残すパターン
分詞構文の意味を鮮明にするために、分詞の前に接続詞を置くこともある
Though living next door, I seldom see him.(＝Though I live)
While having lunch, we used to talk about sports.(＝While we were having)

※beingも省略可で形容詞で始まる場合も
　(being) discovered, the fossiles are being examined by the team.
　(being) Confident that he was the most qualified of all the candidates, ABC hired him as the new chief editor.
　ABCが自信をもって採用した
否定は Not knowing what to do, I telephoned Frank.　何すればわからなかったので電話した
according to, during等は分詞構文から前置詞になっている、Frankly speakingとかは慣用句に

SとVの語順が逆になり「V+S」の語順になることで強調される。

■疑問
You can help me.  -> Can you halp me?

■副詞を文頭に置いて強調
副詞(句)を文頭に置き「副詞+V+S」の形にする倒置。ただし主語が代名詞の場合には倒置は起こらず「副詞+S+V」となる。
There is the bird.
Well do I know him.
Into the water jumped the girl with a splash.　その少女は水の中へザブンと飛び込んだ。
Out went the light.　　明かりが消えた。

■否定語を文頭に置いて強調
「否定語+V+S」の語順で強調する。現在/過去の一般動詞を含む文では「否定語+do(does/did)+S+V」の語順になる。
no,nor,never,not,hardly,scarcely,only,rarely,seldom等
Never had I heard such a thing.
No sooner had she left the room than they began to speak ill of her.
Not a bottle did they leave behind.
Little did I dream that I would get the first prize in this contest.
Scarcely had the man seen the policeman when he ran away.
Only when it rains do you feel cool. 雨が降る時しか涼しく感じない。
I seldom see her. → Seldom do I see her.

■So / Neither /Nor + (助)動詞 + 主語
I am happy, so are you. （私は幸せだし、あなたもそうだ。）
I like dogs. So do I.
I don't like cats. -> Nor do I. （私もだ、猫が好きでない）
I wasn’t playing soccer. -> Nor was I.（私もだ、やっていない）
Bob can't go, (and) neither can I.

■コメント
コメントの主体を以下の形で倒置で表現「…, V+S」あるいは譲歩節「V+S,…」
…, shouted the man.「…、と男はさけんだ。」
Come what may,…「何が起きようとも…」

■仮定法ifの省略
IFが省略され(助)動詞 + 主語になる。仮定法現在、過去、過去完了等限定せず。
Should it be sunny, I'll go out.
Should anything happen to him, call me at once.
Were I the president, I would use more taxes for the challenged.
Could she marry me.

■補語を文頭に置いて強調
補語を文頭に置き「C+V+S」の形にして強調する。ただし主語が代名詞の場合には倒置は起こらず「C+S+V」となる。so that, such that構文
So rich is Nancy [ that she can buy anything ].
Such was his anger [ that he lost control of himself ].
It was such a terrible day that we decided not to go.　→　Such was a terrible day that we decided not to go.

■受身の倒置(PP + be + S)
A girl named Susie was killed in the traffic accident. ->  Killed in the traffic accident was a girl named Susie.

■than～,　as～,の部分を強調
She worked hard as most japanese did. → She worked hard as did most japanese.
She spoke more softly than Jack did. → She spoke more softly than did Jack.
ただし、～部分の主語が代名詞であったり動詞が主節動詞と異なる場合、倒置は起こらない。

-----------------------------------------------------------
動詞や助動詞が前に来ない倒置のパターン

■Rough Movement(構文移動)
You'd be so nice to come home to.
↑
It would be so nice to come home to you.
ジャズのスタンダードの曲名らしい

easy/difficult/hard/tough/comfortable/dangerous/safe
かつ、to不定詞内に名詞が存在する場合にitと入れ替えができる模様

しかしそれは難しくヒントとしては
１）toの後がyouの省略だと推測する必要がある。meの省略でないのは、省略できるのは既出の語か明確なものだから
２）To come home to you would be so nice.の変形であり省略がないと考える。
３）You'd be so nice. / if I could come home to you.の合体と考える

こんなのもある
Max made his way through the crowd by pushing.
↓
Max pushes his way through the crowd.

■目的語を文頭に置いて強調
目的語を文頭に置き「O+S+V」の形にして強調する。OVSだと意味不明だろうし。
That book I have already read.
We take the air around us for granted. ->  The air around us we take for granted.

■asの譲歩構文
”だけれども”という意味が譲歩を表す。省略が進み倒置が起こる
Though he is as famous as he is, he is very modest.
↓
Being famous as he is, he is very modest.（分詞構文）
↓
Famous as he is, he is very modest.（彼は有名だけれども慎み深い）

Kind as he is, he is not interesting. （彼は優しいけれども、おもしろくない。）
Young as she was, she could understand her friend's sorrow.（彼女は若いけれど、友人の悲しみを理解してあげることができた。）

■構成しやすい語順に変更
S+V+M1+M2を「S+V+M2+M1」とする。M1が長くM2が短い場合に起こりやすい。
The pretty twins are so much different in character from one another.
Japan heavily depends for its oil supply upon the regiion called the Middle East.

■？？？
SVOCを「S+V+C+O」とする。Cが短くOが長い場合に起こりやすい。
He can make others known all of his thought.He can make known to others all of his thought.
possibleが前に出た　→　The Internet made possible a lot of multiplayer online games.

byは締め切り「～までに」、untilは期間「までずっと」
A by B
A--->B
She stayed by 4 o'clock.（駄目）
She will come by 4 o'clock.　4時までに

A until B
A<--->B
She stayed until 4 o'clock.　4時までずっと
She will come until 4 o'clock.（駄目）

=========================

■例1
Please wait until I come.　はOK
She will come until we get there.　は駄目
She will not come until we get there.　はOK
She will come before we get there.　はOK
She will come by the time we get there.　はOK

by は前置詞なので後ろに節をつける場合は、by the time ---のようにします。
until は前置詞と接続詞の両方があるので、後ろには名詞、節の両方をつけることができる。
byはある時点、untilは継続

■例2
I'll be there until three o'clock.　3時まで居ます
I'll be there by three o'clock.　3時までには到着します

■例3
Postpone until --- はOK、　Postpone by --- 駄目