SとVの語順が逆になり「V+S」の語順になることで強調される。

■疑問
You can help me.  -> Can you halp me?

■副詞を文頭に置いて強調
副詞(句)を文頭に置き「副詞+V+S」の形にする倒置。ただし主語が代名詞の場合には倒置は起こらず「副詞+S+V」となる。
There is the bird.
Well do I know him.
Into the water jumped the girl with a splash.　その少女は水の中へザブンと飛び込んだ。
Out went the light.　　明かりが消えた。

■否定語を文頭に置いて強調
「否定語+V+S」の語順で強調する。現在/過去の一般動詞を含む文では「否定語+do(does/did)+S+V」の語順になる。
no,nor,never,not,hardly,scarcely,only,rarely,seldom等
Never had I heard such a thing.
No sooner had she left the room than they began to speak ill of her.
Not a bottle did they leave behind.
Little did I dream that I would get the first prize in this contest.
Scarcely had the man seen the policeman when he ran away.
Only when it rains do you feel cool. 雨が降る時しか涼しく感じない。
I seldom see her. → Seldom do I see her.

■So / Neither /Nor + (助)動詞 + 主語
I am happy, so are you. （私は幸せだし、あなたもそうだ。）
I like dogs. So do I.
I don't like cats. -> Nor do I. （私もだ、猫が好きでない）
I wasn’t playing soccer. -> Nor was I.（私もだ、やっていない）
Bob can't go, (and) neither can I.

■コメント
コメントの主体を以下の形で倒置で表現「…, V+S」あるいは譲歩節「V+S,…」
…, shouted the man.「…、と男はさけんだ。」
Come what may,…「何が起きようとも…」

■仮定法ifの省略
IFが省略され(助)動詞 + 主語になる。仮定法現在、過去、過去完了等限定せず。
Should it be sunny, I'll go out.
Should anything happen to him, call me at once.
Were I the president, I would use more taxes for the challenged.
Could she marry me.

■補語を文頭に置いて強調
補語を文頭に置き「C+V+S」の形にして強調する。ただし主語が代名詞の場合には倒置は起こらず「C+S+V」となる。so that, such that構文
So rich is Nancy [ that she can buy anything ].
Such was his anger [ that he lost control of himself ].
It was such a terrible day that we decided not to go.　→　Such was a terrible day that we decided not to go.

■受身の倒置(PP + be + S)
A girl named Susie was killed in the traffic accident. ->  Killed in the traffic accident was a girl named Susie.

■than～,　as～,の部分を強調
She worked hard as most japanese did. → She worked hard as did most japanese.
She spoke more softly than Jack did. → She spoke more softly than did Jack.
ただし、～部分の主語が代名詞であったり動詞が主節動詞と異なる場合、倒置は起こらない。

-----------------------------------------------------------
動詞や助動詞が前に来ない倒置のパターン

■Rough Movement(構文移動)
You'd be so nice to come home to.
↑
It would be so nice to come home to you.
ジャズのスタンダードの曲名らしい

easy/difficult/hard/tough/comfortable/dangerous/safe
かつ、to不定詞内に名詞が存在する場合にitと入れ替えができる模様

しかしそれは難しくヒントとしては
１）toの後がyouの省略だと推測する必要がある。meの省略でないのは、省略できるのは既出の語か明確なものだから
２）To come home to you would be so nice.の変形であり省略がないと考える。
３）You'd be so nice. / if I could come home to you.の合体と考える

こんなのもある
Max made his way through the crowd by pushing.
↓
Max pushes his way through the crowd.

■目的語を文頭に置いて強調
目的語を文頭に置き「O+S+V」の形にして強調する。OVSだと意味不明だろうし。
That book I have already read.
We take the air around us for granted. ->  The air around us we take for granted.

■asの譲歩構文
”だけれども”という意味が譲歩を表す。省略が進み倒置が起こる
Though he is as famous as he is, he is very modest.
↓
Being famous as he is, he is very modest.（分詞構文）
↓
Famous as he is, he is very modest.（彼は有名だけれども慎み深い）

Kind as he is, he is not interesting. （彼は優しいけれども、おもしろくない。）
Young as she was, she could understand her friend's sorrow.（彼女は若いけれど、友人の悲しみを理解してあげることができた。）

■構成しやすい語順に変更
S+V+M1+M2を「S+V+M2+M1」とする。M1が長くM2が短い場合に起こりやすい。
The pretty twins are so much different in character from one another.
Japan heavily depends for its oil supply upon the regiion called the Middle East.

■？？？
SVOCを「S+V+C+O」とする。Cが短くOが長い場合に起こりやすい。
He can make others known all of his thought.He can make known to others all of his thought.
possibleが前に出た　→　The Internet made possible a lot of multiplayer online games.

byは締め切り「～までに」、untilは期間「までずっと」
A by B
A--->B
She stayed by 4 o'clock.（駄目）
She will come by 4 o'clock.　4時までに

A until B
A<--->B
She stayed until 4 o'clock.　4時までずっと
She will come until 4 o'clock.（駄目）

=========================

■例1
Please wait until I come.　はOK
She will come until we get there.　は駄目
She will not come until we get there.　はOK
She will come before we get there.　はOK
She will come by the time we get there.　はOK

by は前置詞なので後ろに節をつける場合は、by the time ---のようにします。
until は前置詞と接続詞の両方があるので、後ろには名詞、節の両方をつけることができる。
byはある時点、untilは継続

■例2
I'll be there until three o'clock.　3時まで居ます
I'll be there by three o'clock.　3時までには到着します

■例3
Postpone until --- はOK、　Postpone by --- 駄目

■完了形はあいまい
こんなのは文だけで理解できない。文脈が要る。動詞によるとは思うが、、

He has swum for three hours.
He has been swimming for three hours.
上は完了で「３時間泳いで終わった」
下は継続で「３時間泳ぎ続けていて，今後も続く」
I have studied English for three years.
「英語を３年勉強してきた」 これも高校に行って英語を勉強しづける可能性もある

この例はたまたまそういう文脈があっただけで、
have been -ingは強意があるということ。継続かどうかが決まるわけではない

■他の言い方で完了形に近い表現をすることができる
The email has been registered successfully.
登録処理が順調に行われました。（完了形）

The email is registered already.
メールアドレスは既に登録されているいます。（受動態）

The Email is already being used.
メールアドレスは既に使用されています。（受身進行形）

We received your email.
メールアドレスを受け取った。（過去形）

■■結局
日本語の表現の型と英語の表現の型は違うが、特に完了形は型でニュアンスを表現するため理解が定着しにくい。完了形は英語の型を覚えてしまい、状況に当てはめて使えるようにする。一番適切な時制を使うということ

１）現在完了
have done
完了(～したところだ)、経験(～したことがある)、継続(ずっと～である)、結果(～してしまって今は～だ)
I have done this.
I have never done this.（否定）
Have you ever done this?（疑問）
She has done this.（三単現）
Has she done this?

明らかに過去を表す副詞(yesterday, two years ago 等)と一緒に用いられない、それは過去形でよい
I did this yesterday.

２）現在完了進行形
have been doing
(今までずっと～している)
I have been doing this.
I have never been doing this.（否定）
Have you been doing this?（疑問）
She has been doing this.（三単現）
Has she been doing this?

現在進行形や完了形でもほとんど意味は変わらない（前者が自然だけど）
He has been taking the lessons since five.（期間を感じさせる）  -> He is taking the lessons from five.（今を主眼に）
How long have you been waiting for the girl?  -> How long have you waited for the girl?

３）現在完了の受身
have been done
完了、経験、継続の受身
I have been called by her.
I haven't been called by her.
Have you been called by her?（疑問）
Have you never been called by her?（否定疑問）
She has been called by you.（三単現）
Has she been called by you?
Hasn't she been called by you?（三単現否定疑問）

４）過去完了
had done
完了形(完了・経験・継続)の過去形、現在完了の各形からhadに変える
I had done this then.
I had never done this then.（否定）
Had you ever done this then?（疑問）
She had done this then.（三単現）
Had she done this then?

基準の過去よりも古い大過去を表現する
The concert had already started when we got to the theater. (完了)
He had not seen a sea until that day. (経験)
She had lived alone for ten years when I met her. (継続)

そうでなければ現在完了or過去形でよい
Have you ever done this? Did you do this?
She has done this. Did she do this?

５）仮定法過去完了
仮定法になると感情が入り肯定と否定が逆の表現になる
should have done　すべきだったのに（200%後悔）
would have done　したのに（100%後悔）
must have done　したに違いない（95%実感）
could have done　だったかも知れない（60%実感）
might have done　してもよかったかも＜どっちでもいい＞（35%関心薄）
---
shouldn't have done　すべきでなかったのに（200%後悔）
wouldn't have done　しなかったのに（100%後悔）

６）未来完了形
will have done
（将来～やり終えているでしょう）
未来のある時点の状況を、以前とつなげて予測するときに未来完了形を用いる
I will have done this by the day.
I will never have done this by the day.（否定）
Will you have done this by the day?（疑問)
She will have done this by the day.（三単現）
Will she have done this by the day?

What will you have done by the year?
I will have seen the musical three times if I see it again.
Next month we will have been married for twenty years.

文が長くなるために口語ではあまり使われない、未来形でいい
I will do this by the day.

７）未来完了進行形
will have been doing
(将来までずっと～している)
未来完了を進行形にしないといけないとき。あまり使われない
You will have been working here for twenty years by the time you are 50.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
■since
since（～以来ずっと）は普通、since従属節は過去形で、主節は現在形か現在完了形/過去完了形
I have studied English since I planned it.

sinceは主文の過去形と一緒に使うことが出来ません 駄目：I studied Egnlish since last year.
時制の一致で過去形をとることはある　He said it was five years since then.
継続の意味がある現在形の動詞　I feel shaky since I was sick.

〈It's＋時の表現＋since ～〉の形のときは現在形とともに用いることができます
It's a long time since the last meeting.（この前会って以来、久しぶりだね）

～なので　since = because
これは主文は通常、現在形 Since you are tired, you should take a rest.
時制の一致で過去形に　Since he was in London, he had a chance to see people playing hockey.

■for the first time
I ate out for the first time in a month. 過去形or現在形で使う
It's been a month since I ate out last. 完了形はコレ

■since従属節は過去形だが例外的に完了形になる場合
since 節が完了形になるとき : Lady Satin's English Project (exblog.jp)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
■Once
～したら、～するとすぐに
Once you have reached the traffic lights, turn left.
Once you have been to America, you will want to go back.
Once you have filled out this form, please go to the help desk.
Once you fill out this form, please go to the help desk.

Once＋現在完了（あるいは現在）、主文は現在か未来形
継続を表すdo/read/run/study/learn/play などは、onceの後ろではほぼ必ず完了形になるでしょう
onceの後ろは過去は駄目。下記のようにも使うことがあるらしいが適切でないかも
once he did, he abandoned the internets.