■完了形はあいまい
こんなのは文だけで理解できない。文脈が要る。動詞によるとは思うが、、
He has swum for three hours.
He has been swimming for three hours.
上は藹??了で「３時間泳いで軆??繧?った」
下は軆??続で「３時間泳縺?続けていて・??今後も続縺?」
I have studied English for three years.
「英鐔??を３年勉強してきた」 これも高校に鐔??って英鐔??を勉強しづける可能性もある
この臀??はたまたまそういう文脈があっただけで、
have been -ingは強諢?があるということ。継続かどうかが決まる繧?けではない
■他の鐔??い方で藹??了形に鐔??い表現をすることができる
The email has been registered successfully.
登録処理が順調に鐔??繧?れました。（完了形・??
The email is registered already.
メールアドレスは既に登録されているいます。（藹??動態）
The Email is already being used.
メールアドレスは既に使用されています。（藹??身進鐔??形・??
We received your email.
メールアドレスを藹??け藹??った。（驕?去形・??
■■結局
日本鐔??の表現の型と英鐔??の表現の型は違うが、特に藹??了形は型でニュアンスを表現するため理解が定着しに縺?い。完了形は英鐔??の型を覚えてしまい、状觸??に藹??てはめて使えるようにする。一番適切な時制を使うというこ縺?
１）現在藹??了
have done
完了(～したところだ)、経験(～したことがある)、継続(ずっと・??である)、結果(～してしまって臀??は・??だ)
I have done this.
I have never done this.（否藹??）
Have you ever done this?（疑問）
She has done this.（三単現・??
Has she done this?
譏?らかに驕?去を表す副鐔??(yesterday, two years ago 等)と臀??緒に用いられない、それは驕?去形でよい
I did this yesterday.
２）現在藹??了進鐔??蠖?
have been doing
(今までずっと・??している)
I have been doing this.
I have never been doing this.（否藹??）
Have you been doing this?（疑問）
She has been doing this.（三単現・??
Has she been doing this?
現在進鐔??形や完了形でもほとんど諢?味は藹??繧?らない（前者が自然だけど・??
He has been taking the lessons since five.（期間を感じさせる） -> He is taking the lessons from five.（今を主眼に・??
How long have you been waiting for the girl? -> How long have you waited for the girl?
３）現在藹??了の藹??霄?
have been done
完了、経験、継続の藹??霄?
I have been called by her.
I haven't been called by her.
Have you been called by her?（疑問）
Have you never been called by her?（否藹??疑問）
She has been called by you.（三単現・??
Has she been called by you?
Hasn't she been called by you?（三単現否藹??疑問）
４）驕?去完了
had done
完了蠖?(完了・軆??験・軆??続)の驕?去形、現在藹??了の各形からhadに藹??える
I had done this then.
I had never done this then.（否藹??）
Had you ever done this then?（疑問）
She had done this then.（三単現・??
Had she done this then?
基觸??の驕?去よりも古い大驕?去を表現する
The concert had already started when we got to the theater. (完了)
He had not seen a sea until that day. (経験)
She had lived alone for ten years when I met her. (継続)
そうでなければ現在藹??了or驕?去形でよい
Have you ever done this? Did you do this?
She has done this. Did she do this?
５）仮藹??法驕?去完了
仮藹??法になると感情が入り肯藹??と否藹??が逆の表現になる
should have done すべきだったのに・??200%後悔）
would have done したのに・??100%後悔）
must have done したに違いない（95%実感）
could have done だったかも知れない（60%実感）
might have done してもよかったかも＜どっちでもいい＞（35%関藹??薄）
---
shouldn't have done すべきでなかったのに・??200%後悔）
wouldn't have done しなかったのに・??100%後悔）
６）未来藹??了蠖?
will have done
（将来・??やり終えているでしょう）
未来のある時点の状觸??を、以前とつなげて臀??測するときに未来藹??了形を用いる
I will have done this by the day.
I will never have done this by the day.（否藹??）
Will you have done this by the day?（疑蝠?)
She will have done this by the day.（三単現・??
Will she have done this by the day?
What will you have done by the year?
I will have seen the musical three times if I see it again.
Next month we will have been married for twenty years.
文が長縺?なるために口鐔??ではあまり使繧?れない、未来形でいい
I will do this by the day.
７）未来藹??了進鐔??蠖?
will have been doing
(将来までずっと・??している)
未来藹??了を進鐔??形にしないといけないとき。あまり使繧?れない
You will have been working here for twenty years by the time you are 50.
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■since
since（～以来ずっと・??は普通、since従属節は驕?去形で、主軆??は現在形か現在藹??了蠖?/驕?去完了蠖?
I have studied English since I planned it.
sinceは主文の驕?去形と臀??緒に使うことが出来ません 駄目・??I studied Egnlish since last year.
時制の臀??致で驕?去形をとることはある He said it was five years since then.
継続の諢?味がある現在形の動詞 I feel shaky since I was sick.
〈It's＋時の表現・??since ～〉の形のときは現在形とともに用いることができます
It's a long time since the last meeting.（この前会って以来、久しぶりだね・??
～なので since = because
これは主文は通常、現在形 Since you are tired, you should take a rest.
時制の臀??致で驕?去形に Since he was in London, he had a chance to see people playing hockey.
■for the first time
I ate out for the first time in a month. 驕?去蠖?or現在形で使う
It's been a month since I ate out last. 完了形はコ繝?
■since従属節は驕?去形だが例外的に藹??了形になる場合
since 節が完了形になるとき : Lady Satin's English Project (exblog.jp)
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■Once
～したら、～するとすぐ縺?
Once you have reached the traffic lights, turn left.
Once you have been to America, you will want to go back.
Once you have filled out this form, please go to the help desk.
Once you fill out this form, please go to the help desk.
Once＋現在藹??了（あるいは現在・??、主文は現在か未来形
継続を表すdo/read/run/study/learn/play などは、onceの藹??ろではほぼ藹??ず完了形になるでしょう
onceの藹??ろは驕?去は饅??目。下記のようにも使うことがあるらしいが適切でないかも
once he did, he abandoned the internets.
■英鐔??の時制のピクトグラム図解
普通は饅??丸軆??ですが、それを立っている人や動いている人のピクトにすることで、より視覚的に繧?かりやす縺?なる
いつ出来臀??が起こって、どうなっているか縺?2つ臀??の鐔??点が要る
現在形は臀??だけを表している訳ではない、どちらかというと觸??則を言っている
投稿者 funa : AM6:54
