byは締め切り「~までに」、untilは期間「までずっと」
A by B
A--->B
She stayed by 4 o'clock.(駄目)
She will come by 4 o'clock. 4時までに
A until B
A<--->B
She stayed until 4 o'clock. 4時までずっと
She will come until 4 o'clock.(駄目)
=========================
■例1
Please wait until I come. はOK
She will come until we get there. は駄目
She will not come until we get there. はOK
She will come before we get there. はOK
She will come by the time we get there. はOK
by は前置詞なので後ろに節をつける場合は、by the time ---のようにします。
until は前置詞と接続詞の両方があるので、後ろには名詞、節の両方をつけることができる。
byはある時点、untilは継続
■例2
I'll be there until three o'clock. 3時まで居ます
I'll be there by three o'clock. 3時までには到着します
■例3
Postpone until --- はOK、 Postpone by --- 駄目
■完了形はあいまい
こんなのは文だけで理解できない。文脈が要る。動詞によるとは思うが、、
He has swum for three hours.
He has been swimming for three hours.
上は完了で「3時間泳いで終わった」
下は継続で「3時間泳ぎ続けていて,今後も続く」
I have studied English for three years.
「英語を3年勉強してきた」 これも高校に行って英語を勉強しづける可能性もある
この例はたまたまそういう文脈があっただけで、
have been -ingは強意があるということ。継続かどうかが決まるわけではない
■他の言い方で完了形に近い表現をすることができる
The email has been registered successfully.
登録処理が順調に行われました。(完了形)
The email is registered already.
メールアドレスは既に登録されているいます。(受動態)
The Email is already being used.
メールアドレスは既に使用されています。(受身進行形)
We received your email.
メールアドレスを受け取った。(過去形)
■■結局
日本語の表現の型と英語の表現の型は違うが、特に完了形は型でニュアンスを表現するため理解が定着しにくい。完了形は英語の型を覚えてしまい、状況に当てはめて使えるようにする。一番適切な時制を使うということ
1)現在完了
have done
完了(~したところだ)、経験(~したことがある)、継続(ずっと~である)、結果(~してしまって今は~だ)
I have done this.
I have never done this.(否定)
Have you ever done this?(疑問)
She has done this.(三単現)
Has she done this?
明らかに過去を表す副詞(yesterday, two years ago 等)と一緒に用いられない、それは過去形でよい
I did this yesterday.
2)現在完了進行形
have been doing
(今までずっと~している)
I have been doing this.
I have never been doing this.(否定)
Have you been doing this?(疑問)
She has been doing this.(三単現)
Has she been doing this?
現在進行形や完了形でもほとんど意味は変わらない(前者が自然だけど)
He has been taking the lessons since five.(期間を感じさせる) -> He is taking the lessons from five.(今を主眼に)
How long have you been waiting for the girl? -> How long have you waited for the girl?
3)現在完了の受身
have been done
完了、経験、継続の受身
I have been called by her.
I haven't been called by her.
Have you been called by her?(疑問)
Have you never been called by her?(否定疑問)
She has been called by you.(三単現)
Has she been called by you?
Hasn't she been called by you?(三単現否定疑問)
4)過去完了
had done
完了形(完了・経験・継続)の過去形、現在完了の各形からhadに変える
I had done this then.
I had never done this then.(否定)
Had you ever done this then?(疑問)
She had done this then.(三単現)
Had she done this then?
基準の過去よりも古い大過去を表現する
The concert had already started when we got to the theater. (完了)
He had not seen a sea until that day. (経験)
She had lived alone for ten years when I met her. (継続)
そうでなければ現在完了or過去形でよい
Have you ever done this? Did you do this?
She has done this. Did she do this?
5)仮定法過去完了
仮定法になると感情が入り肯定と否定が逆の表現になる
should have done すべきだったのに(200%後悔)
would have done したのに(100%後悔)
must have done したに違いない(95%実感)
could have done だったかも知れない(60%実感)
might have done してもよかったかも<どっちでもいい>(35%関心薄)
---
shouldn't have done すべきでなかったのに(200%後悔)
wouldn't have done しなかったのに(100%後悔)
6)未来完了形
will have done
(将来~やり終えているでしょう)
未来のある時点の状況を、以前とつなげて予測するときに未来完了形を用いる
I will have done this by the day.
I will never have done this by the day.(否定)
Will you have done this by the day?(疑問)
She will have done this by the day.(三単現)
Will she have done this by the day?
What will you have done by the year?
I will have seen the musical three times if I see it again.
Next month we will have been married for twenty years.
文が長くなるために口語ではあまり使われない、未来形でいい
I will do this by the day.
7)未来完了進行形
will have been doing
(将来までずっと~している)
未来完了を進行形にしないといけないとき。あまり使われない
You will have been working here for twenty years by the time you are 50.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
■since
since(~以来ずっと)は普通、since従属節は過去形で、主節は現在形か現在完了形/過去完了形
I have studied English since I planned it.
sinceは主文の過去形と一緒に使うことが出来ません 駄目:I studied Egnlish since last year.
時制の一致で過去形をとることはある He said it was five years since then.
継続の意味がある現在形の動詞 I feel shaky since I was sick.
〈It's+時の表現+since ~〉の形のときは現在形とともに用いることができます
It's a long time since the last meeting.(この前会って以来、久しぶりだね)
~なので since = because
これは主文は通常、現在形 Since you are tired, you should take a rest.
時制の一致で過去形に Since he was in London, he had a chance to see people playing hockey.
■for the first time
I ate out for the first time in a month. 過去形or現在形で使う
It's been a month since I ate out last. 完了形はコレ
■since従属節は過去形だが例外的に完了形になる場合
since 節が完了形になるとき : Lady Satin's English Project (exblog.jp)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
■Once
~したら、~するとすぐに
Once you have reached the traffic lights, turn left.
Once you have been to America, you will want to go back.
Once you have filled out this form, please go to the help desk.
Once you fill out this form, please go to the help desk.
Once+現在完了(あるいは現在)、主文は現在か未来形
継続を表すdo/read/run/study/learn/play などは、onceの後ろではほぼ必ず完了形になるでしょう
onceの後ろは過去は駄目。下記のようにも使うことがあるらしいが適切でないかも
once he did, he abandoned the internets.
■動詞を目的語として取る時
to不定詞=まだできていない事を表す、未来志向、個別的事例
ing動名詞=簡単にできる事を表す、過去思考、一般的事例
S V O to不定詞はある、S V O doingしか駄目なものもある(enjoy/dislike等)
■不定詞(infinitive:インフィニティブ)と動名詞(gerund:ジェランド)で意味が変わる
不定詞と動名詞の両方を目的語にとり、意味も同じになる動詞は、attempt, begin, bother, cannot bear, cease, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, startなど一般的
不定詞と動名詞の両方を目的語にとることができるが意味が異なる動詞は、stop, forget, remember, regret, tryなど特殊
I forgot making dinner. 『私は食事を作ったことを忘れてた』
I forgot to make dinner. 『私は食事を作るの忘れてた』
I remember meeting Tom. 『私はトムに会ったことを覚えている』
Remember to Tom tonight. 『今晩、トムに会うのを覚えていてください』
I regret leaving my home. 『私は家を出たことを後悔している』
I regret to leave my home. 『残念ながら私は家を出なければならない』
He tried opening the door. 『彼は、ためにしドアを開けてみた』
He tried to open the door. 『彼は、ドアを開けようとした(実際にしたかどうかは不明)』
need to check 調べる必要がある
need checking 調べられる必要がある=need to be checked
Go on to read. ~し始める
Go on reading. ~し続ける
I stopped to smoke. ~するために立ち止まる
I stopped smoking. ~することを止める
■動名詞しか取らない動詞
// 通常considerは動名詞のみ取る
We have to consider delaying our trip. 旅行延期を考慮する必要がある
We have to consider to delay our travel. (×間違い)長期旅行を延期するために、(何かを)考慮する必要がある(to不定詞の場合は目的語が不足)
// SuggestはSVOO文型がないので要注意(動名詞を取る、あるいはthat)
Some doctors suggest drinking milk for ulcers. 通常suggestは動名詞のみ取る
I suggested to him that we should join the party. あるいはthat
(×間違い)I suggested to him to wear warmer clothes. (私は彼にもっと暖かい服を着るように勧めた)
// 動詞によりS V O to不定詞もある?調査必要
動詞例)advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, help, invite, mean, order, permit, persuade, recommend, remind, teach, tell, want, warn, would hate, would like, would love, would prefer
I recommend that you read the book.
She recommended the restaurant to me.
///////////////
//覚えたいリスト
///////////////
admit doing
advise doing
allow doing
appreciate doing
avoid doing
complete doing
consider doing
delay doing
deny doing
detest doing (憎む)
dislike doing
enjoy doing
escape doing
finish doing
forbid doing
give up doing
help doing
can't help doing
imagine doing
imply doing
keep doing
mind doing
miss doing
permit doing
practice = practise doing
put off = postpone doing
quit doing
recall doing (思い出す)
recommend doing
repeat doing
resist doing
resume doing
stop doing
suggest doing
//フルリスト?
abandon, abhor, abolish, abominate, accept, accompany, admire, admit, adore, advise, advocate, allow, anticipate, appreciate, attend, attribute, avoid, back, ban, bar, begrudge, break off, cannot help, (~せずにはおれない) celebrate, cherish, commemorate, commend, compare, complete, conceal, condone, connote, contemplate, countenance, criticize, curse, cut out, debate, defend, defer, delay, denote, deny, deplore, deprecate, despair, despise, detest, disclaim, discontinue, discountenance, discuss, disguise, dislike, dispute, disregard, dodge, drop, eliminate, emphasize, end, endanger, endorese, enjoy, ensure, entail, envisage(= to picture in the mind as a future possibility; imagine), envy, grudge, escape, excuse, explain, face, facilitate, fancy, favour, finish, forbid, foreshadow, forfeit, forgive, forsee, forswear, funk =(avoid because of fear),
give over, give up, glorify, ignore, imitate, impede, imply, include, intimate, involve, justify, knock off, lay off, legitimize, loathe, mention, mind, miss, necessitate, obviate, oppose, organize, overlook, overprize, overrule, overshadow, pardon, permit, picture, postpone=put off, practice, praise, precipitate, preclude, predict, prescribe, prevent, prize, prohibit, query, question, quit, recall, recollect, record, recount, rectify, register, reject, relish, repent, repent, report, represent, represent, resent, resist, resume, resume, ridicule, ridicule, risk, risk, rule out, sacrifice, sacrifice, sanction, save, shirk, shun, signify, simulate, skip, spoil, square, stand, stop=quit=leave off, stress, study, substantiate, suggest, support, survive, tolerate, treat, undervalue, value, veto, view, visualize, welcome (= receive the idea of ...), withstand
//動名詞を取る前置詞付きの動詞
accuse of, adjust to, agree with, apologize for, approve of, ask about, ask for, begin by, believe in, be used to, blame for, care for, carry on, complain about, concentrate on, congratulate on, consist of, cope with, decide against, decide for, depend on, die of, dream about / of, escape from, feel like, forgive for, give up, insist on, keep on, look forward to, object to, pay for, prevent sb. from, protect from, put off, rely on, spend money on, spend time on, succeed in, suspect of, take part in, talk about / of, thank for, think of, use for, warn against, worry about
■不定詞しか目的語にとらない動詞
afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, attempt, be determined, beg, care, choose, claim, condescend, consent, dare (原形不定詞も取る), decide, demand, deserve, determine, endeavour, expect, fail, guarantee, happen, have, help (原形不定詞も取る), hesitate, hope, learn, long, manage, mean, need (原形不定詞も取る), neglect, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, proceed, promise, refuse, resolve, seem, stop, swear, tend, threaten, trouble, undertake, used, volunteer, vow, want, wish, would hate, would like, would love, would prefer
■動名詞・分詞の表現
it goes without saying that s v sがvするのは言うまでも無い
busy doing するのに忙しい
spend time/money doing するのに時間/お金を使う
have trouble/difficulty doing するのに苦労する
feel like doing したい気がする
it is no use doing しても無駄である
worth doing する価値がある
■知覚動詞 + O + do/doing/done
to不定詞を取らない
知覚動詞+目的語+原形不定詞の場合
I saw the girl cross the street. 私は女の子が通りを横切るのを見ました(終了した動作)
知覚動詞+目的語+現在分詞の場合
I saw the girl crossing the street.私は女の子が通りを横切っているのを見ました(進行中の動作)
知覚動詞+目的語+過去分詞の場合
I saw the girl crossed the street.私は女の子が通りを横切ったのを見ました(完了や受動を表す)
//目的格補語に原形不定詞を用いるもの I felt my fear rise.
feel
notice
see
look at
watch
observe
hear
listen to
//目的格補語に現在分詞を用いるもの I heard a bird singing.
feel
perceive
notice
imagine
see
look at
watch
observe
catch
find
discover
hear
listen to
smell
//目的格補語に過去分詞を用いるもの I heard my name called.
feel
see
find
discover
hear
■使役動詞 + 人 + do/done
let / make / have / get(get 人 to do) / help(help 人 to doでも同じ意味)
let+目的語+原形不定詞(本人の希望に応じて~をさせる) He doesn't let her drive.
make+目的語+原形不定詞(強制的に~をさせる) What made you think so ?
make+目的語+形容詞 The news made me happy.
make+目的語+過去分詞 I made myself understood in English.
have+目的語+原形不定詞 We had him report.
have+目的語+過去分詞 I had my hair cut.(私は髪を切ってもらいました)
get+目的語+to不定詞 We got the doctor to come.(私たちは医者に来てもらった)
get+目的語+過去分詞 I got my shoes polished.(私は靴を磨いてもらいました)
help+目的語+原形不定詞(to不定詞)She helped her mother water the garden.
■Subject-Verb Agreement
主語と動詞の一致:三単現、意味上で主語が三単現かどうかで動詞にsを付けるかどうか判断していることが下記URLから分かる
Subject-Verb Agreement | Grammar Rules and Examples (grammarbook.com)
三単現のs(The s in the third person singular present tense)
A monkey never cramps.
neverは頻度をあらわす副詞なので否定の意味であっても、なくても成り立つ自立語で三単現のsが付く
■不規則変化動詞
arise arose arisen
be was, were been
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fit fit fit
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
get got got, gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
lose lost lost
make made made
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
quit quit, quitted quit, quitted
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
saw sawed sawn, sawed
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn, sewed
shake shook shaken
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shrink shrank shrunk
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
split split split
spread spread spread
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
swear swore sworn
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
weave wove woven
win won won
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
withhold withheld withdrawn
withstand withstood withstood
write wrote written
undertake undertook undertaken
その中で重要なヤツ
https://note.com/evinet_biz/n/nc2aa819f6782
■英語で何と言う?
三単現のs(The s in the third person singular present tense)
現在分詞-ing(present participle)
過去分詞(past participle)パーティスィポー
動名詞(gerund)ジェランド
不定詞(infinitive)インフィニティブ
現在形(Simple Present)
現在進行形 (present continuous tense / present progressive form)
現在完了形 (Present Perfect Tense)
過去形(simple past)
過去完了形(Past Perfect Tense)
過去完了進行形(Past Perfect Continuous Tense)
未来形(Simple Future)
未来進行形(future continuous tense)
未来完了進行形(future perfect continuous)